La crítica de arte nació tras la caída de valores absolutos y jueces arbitrarios. Su objetivo era formar a la opinión pública en una sociedad abierta y libre. La crítica de arte de la sociedad postindustrial ha hecho de todo el pasado un valor absoluto. En su formato periodístico que llega más a la mayoría de ciudadanos se ha erigido en juez supremo y arbitrario.

This article examines the antecedents and background of the antithesis between art and beauty. It also considers if this confrontation, typical in modern aesthetics, provides necessary conceptual categories to comprehend the situation of art in the communication era, characteristic of a generalised aesthetisation. Departing from the ideas posed by Yves Michaud, Mateu Cabot, Didi-Huberman and Mario Perniola, the author dismantles the false opposition between art and beauty; she proposes a strategy to avoid an antithetical position and exhorts the (...) readers to recover a different experience from beauty. (shrink)

Introducción, traducción y notas de JUAN DAVID MATEU ALONSO.

Critics of multiple realizability have recently argued that we should concentrate solely on actual here-and-now realizations that are found in nature. The possibility of alternative, but unactualized, realizations is regarded as uninteresting because it is taken to be a question of pure logic or an unverifiable scenario of science fiction. However, in the biological context only a contingent set of realizations is actualized. Drawing on recent work on the theory of neutral biological spaces, the paper shows that we can have (...) ways of assessing the modal dimension of multiple realizability that do not have to rely on mere conceivability. (shrink)

Tras una experiencia de campo, realizando visitas guiadas en un campo de concentración nazi y una intervención en las aulas de cuarto curso de Educación Secundaria, se han detectado unas problemáticas en la enseñanza del Holocausto que se anteponen a los objetivos de la misma: analizar lo que supuso apartar y exterminar a todo aquel que es “diferente”, para reflexionar sobre las exclusiones y discriminaciones actuales. Para resolver dichas problemáticas, en este estudio se propone un enfoque alternativo al tratamiento del (...) Holocausto en las aulas, en primer lugar, atendiendo debidamente a todos los colectivos que fueron víctimas de esta violencia potencial, sin establecer jerarquías en cuanto al grado de sufrimiento, y en segundo lugar, incidiendo en la responsabilidad que tenemos los individuos frente a estos actos de violencia e injusticias sociales, para así contribuir a la formación de una ciudadanía crítica, respetuosa y solidaria. (shrink)

Luck (2009) argues that gamers face a dilemma when it comes to performing certain virtual acts. Most gamers regularly commit acts of virtual murder, and take these acts to be morally permissible. They are permissible because unlike real murder, no one is harmed in performing them; their only victims are computer-controlled characters, and such characters are not moral patients. What Luck points out is that this justification equally applies to virtual pedophelia, but gamers intuitively think that such acts are not (...) morally permissible. The result is a dilemma: either gamers must reject the intuition that virtual pedophelic acts are impermissible and so accept partaking in such acts, or they must reject the intuition that virtual murder acts are permissible, and so abstain from many (if not most) extant games. While the prevailing solution to this dilemma has been to try and find a morally relevant feature to distinguish the two cases, I argue that a different route should be pursued. It is neither the case that all acts of virtual murder are morally permissible, nor are all acts of virtual pedophelia impermissible. Our intuitions falter and produce this dilemma because they are not sensitive to the different contexts in which games present virtual acts. (shrink)

This paper presents the design and development of intelligent tutoring system for teaching Oracle. The Oracle Intelligent Tutoring System (OITS) examined the power of a new methodology to supporting students in Oracle programming. The system presents the topic of Introduction to Oracle with automatically generated problems for the students to solve. The system is dynamically adapted at run time to the student’s individual progress. An initial evaluation study was done to investigate the effect of using the intelligent tutoring system on (...) the performance of students. (shrink)

Several recent accounts of modeling have focused on the modal dimension of scientific inquiry. More precisely, it has been suggested that there are specific models and modeling practices that are best understood as being geared towards possibilities, a view recently dubbed modal modeling. But modalities encompass much more than mere possibility claims. Besides possibilities, modal modeling can also be used to investigate contingencies, necessities or impossibilities. Although these modal concepts are logically connected to the notion of possibility, not all models (...) are equal in their affordances for these richer modal inferences. This paper investigates the modal extent of selected models and argues that analyzing singular model-target pairings by themselves is typically not enough to explain their modal aptness or to identify the kinds of modalities they can be used to reason about. Furthermore, it is argued that some important concepts that are not explicitly modal - like biological robustness - can be understood modally through their relational nature to a background space of possibilities. In conclusion, it is suggested that the strategy of modal modeling is contrastive, situating particular possibilities in larger modal spaces and studying the structural relations within them. (shrink)

We present Saharon Shelah's Stability Spectrum and Homogeneity Spectrum theorems, as well as the equivalence between the order property and instability in the framework of Finite Diagrams. Finite Diagrams is a context which generalizes the first order case. Localized versions of these theorems are presented. Our presentation is based on several papers; the point of view is contemporary and some of the proofs are new. The treatment of local stability in Finite Diagrams is new.

The gamer’s dilemma offers three plausible but jointly inconsistent premises: (1) Virtual murder in video games is morally permissible. (2) Virtual paedophelia in video games is not morally permissible. (3) There is no morally relevant difference between virtual murder and virtual paedophelia in video games. In this paper I argue that the gamer’s dilemma can be understood as one of three distinct dilemmas, depending on how we understand two key ideas in Morgan Luck’s (2009) original formulation. The two ideas are (...) those of (1) occurring in a video game and (2) being a virtual instance of murder or paedophelia. Depending on the weight placed on the gaming context, the dilemma is either about in-game acts or virtual acts. And depending on the type of virtual acts we have in mind, the dilemma is either about virtual representations or virtual partial reproductions of murder and paedophelia. This gives us three dilemmas worth resolving: a gaming dilemma, a representation dilemma, and a simulation dilemma. I argue that these dilemmas are about different issues, apply to different cases, and are susceptible to different solutions. I also consider how different participants in the debate have interpreted the dilemma in one or more of these three ways. (shrink)

A natural starting point for theories of perceptual states is ordinary perception, in which a subject is successfully related to her mind-independent surroundings. Correspondingly, the simplest theory of perceptual states models all such states on perception. Typically, this simple, common-factor relational view of perceptual states has received a perfunctory dismissal on the grounds that hallucinations are nonperceptual. But I argue that the nonperceptual view of hallucinations has been accepted too quickly. I consider three observations thought to support the view, and (...) argue that all three are dealt with equally well by an alternative view, illusionism, on which hallucinations do involve perception. Since this is so, adopting a common-factor relational view of all perceptual states remains a tenable option. (shrink)

Malebranche et Leibniz affirment que Dieu a créé le meilleur des mondes possibles. Mais ces mondes possibles remplissent des fonctions argumentatives sensiblement différentes dans leurs théodicées respectives. S’ils s’accordent tous deux pour définir l’ordre d’un monde par la généralité de volontés divines, ils ont toutefois des conceptions distinctes de son unité. Les mondes malebranchiens peuvent exister dans le même espace alors que la maximalité des mondes leibniziens empêche une telle possibilité. Ces deux modes de composition des mondes règlent différemment le (...) choix divin. Ainsi, les mondes malebranchiens visent uniquement à prouver la perfection de ce choix, tandis que les mondes leibniziens permettent également d’en démontrer la liberté et la contingence. (shrink)

Excerpt from Everyday Ethics A successful book on methods of teaching ethics will improve in the schoolroom the art of instruction in the most difficult province of study and practice. Ethics relates to all manner of deeds and habits of doing which concern one's fellow men, either as private individuals or as members of institutions - members of the social whole. One may conduct himself in such a manner as to obstruct the actions of his fellow men and thereby reduce (...) their labours and strivings to a nullity, more or less, according to his power and skill. Or, on the other hand, he may act in such a manner as to reenforce their labours and strivings and increase the net product of human endeavour. The fact that there are rational objects to be achieved by humanity - name them collectively as the conquest of nature for man's use and the peaceful combination of man with men to the end that each individual may share in the experience of all individuals - these objects ought to be the common aim of all rational beings: this fact furnishes the basis and norm of ethics. It makes evident the Source of Power. The individual who promotes the twofold end of civilisation increases the aggregate power of mankind and at the same time shares in that power. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

v. 1. A-C -- v. 2. D-F -- v. 3. G-N -- v. 4. O-R -- v. 5. S-Z i apéndix.

This paper promotes critical realism as a suitable and fruitful philosophical foundation for the development and implementation of urban digital twins. The proliferation of a-theoretical digital twin research and practices, not declaring their philosophical positions, is threatening the scientific soundness of this new paradigm and offers little evidence for reflecting on the knowledge it produces. To address this issue, first, this paper uses focus group discussions to explore digital twin experts’ perceptions of digital twin best practices for urban management and (...) uncover the philosophical worldviews underlying these perceptions. A philosophical worldview is a general orientation about the world that is described in terms of ontological and epistemological assumptions and views on human nature. The inferred philosophical worldviews are then compared with critical realism principles, supporting the argument that critical realism provides a suitable philosophical foundation for digital twin practices in urban management envisaged by participating experts, as well as enhancing current forms of digital twin practice. (shrink)

A biography of Pedro Alfonso is proposed from the information today known. There is reproduced our mathematical deduction of the icon Trinitario of a parchment of Chartres of the XIIIth century from a figure precabalística introduced in 1110 by Pedro Alfonso of Huesca and it is presented three other materializations of the «alternated link of three rings any two not linked».

We prove the following main theorem: Let be an abstract elementary class satisfying the joint embedding and the amalgamation properties with no maximal models of cardinality μ. Let μ be a cardinal above the the Löwenheim‐Skolem number of the class. If is μ‐Galois‐stable, has no μ‐Vaughtian Pairs, does not have long splitting chains, and satisfies locality of splitting, then any two ‐limits over M, for, are isomorphic over M.

How do we assign values to virtual items, which include virtual objects, properties, events, subjects, worlds, environments, and experiences? In this article, I offer a framework for answering this question. After considering different value theses in the literature, I argue that whether we think these theses mutually exclusive or not turns on our view about the number of value-salient kinds virtual items belong to. Virtual monism is the view that virtual Xs belong to only one value-salient kind in relation to (...) X. Virtual pluralism is the view that they belong to more than one value-salient kind. I argue for two claims. First, virtual monism is mistaken. Minimally some virtual Xs are Xs, while others are not. Second, dualistic virtual pluralism is also mistaken because it is too coarse grained. Instead, I argue for fourfold pluralism: virtual items either represent an original's properties or reproduce essential properties and do so to lesser or greater extents. This gives us four value-salient kinds of virtual X: virtual reproductions, simulations, representations, and simulacra of X. I apply this view to various debates in the literature and conclude with a discussion of less basic hybrid kinds. (shrink)

A central debate in the philosophy of virtual reality (VR) focuses on the reality of virtual items. Broadly, there are two main disagreements. Some views accept a metaphysical orientation to VR, and disagree on the reality of virtual items. For instance, David Chalmers (Disputatio 9(46):309-352, 2017, Disputatio 11(55):453- 486, 2019, 2022) defends digitalism, the view that virtual items are real digital items. Neil McDonnell & Nathan Wildman (Disputatio 11(55):371-397, 2019), by contrast, defend fictionalism, which maintains that virtual items are unreal (...) fictions. Other views, like Grant Tavinor’s (2021), reject the metaphysical orientation, argu- ing that focusing on the reality of virtual items is a mistake. In what follows I evalu- ate these two disagreements. I argue that experiences of virtual items depend on episodes of picture perception. Recognizing this reveals that the current debates are either easily resolved in favor of one view, or are not disagreeing about the reality of virtual items, but about what virtual items are. (shrink)

We introduce tame abstract elementary classes as a generalization of all cases of abstract elementary classes that are known to permit development of stability-like theory. In this paper, we explore stability results in this new context. We assume that [Formula: see text] is a tame abstract elementary class satisfying the amalgamation property with no maximal model. The main results include:. Theorem 0.1. Suppose that [Formula: see text] is not only tame, but [Formula: see text]-tame. If [Formula: see text] and [Formula: (...) see text] is Galois stable in μ, then [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a relative of κ from first order logic. [Formula: see text] is the Hanf number of the class [Formula: see text]. It is known that [Formula: see text]. The theorem generalizes a result from [17]. It is used to prove both the existence of Morley sequences for non-splitting and the following initial step towards a stability spectrum theorem for tame classes:. Theorem 0.2. If [Formula: see text] is Galois-stable in some [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] is stable in every κ with κμ=κ. For example, under GCH we have that [Formula: see text] Galois-stable in μ implies that [Formula: see text] is Galois-stable in μ+n for all n < ω. (shrink)

The new result of this paper is that for θ-stable we have S1[θ] = D[θ, L, ∞]. S1 is Hrushovski's rank. This is an improvement of a result of Kim and Pillay, who for simple theories under the assumption that either of the ranks be finite obtained the same identity. Only the first equality is new, the second equality is a result of Shelah from the seventies. We derive it by studying localizations of several rank functions, we get the followingMain (...) Theorem. Suppose that μ is regular satisfying μ ≥ |T|+, p is a finite type, and Δ is a set of formulas closed under Boolean operations. If either R[p, Δ, μ+] < ∞ or p is Δ-stable and μ satisfies “for every sequence {μi : i < |Δ| + ℵ0} of cardinals μi < μ we have that equation image holds”, then S[p, Δ, μ+] = D[p, Δ, μ+] = R[p, Δ, μ+].The S rank above is a localized version of Hrushovski's S1 rank. This rank, as well as our systematic use of local stability, allows us to get a more conceptual proof of the equality of D and R, which is an old result of Shelah. A particular case of the theorem offers a new sufficient condition for the equality of S1 and D[·, L, ∞]. We also manage, due to a more general approach, to avoid some combinatorial difficulties present in Shelah's original exposition. (shrink)

This paper aims to demonstrate that it is by no means clear whether the thesis that meaning is intrinsically normative can be justifi ed. Therefore, we should not regard the explanation or the grasp of the normativity of meaning as an adequacy condition of a theory of meaning — as some philosophers do. In the first part of the paper, I distinguish four intuitive kinds of normativity of meaning. After that, I focus on the question what sorts of normativity can (...) be distinguished in general. I discuss the advantages and problems of a common characterization of normativity, adopted by Schnädelbach and von Wright, and I defend a certain modifi ed version of this characterization. In the third part of the paper, I apply this modifi ed characterization to the four kinds of normativity of meaning distinguished earlier, and I show that only one of the four is compatible with the thesis that meaning is an intrinsically normative concept. In the last part of the paper, I focus on the semantic relations between meaning and use, and I reject some common forms of reducing facts about meaning to facts about use. (shrink)

En el contexto de la comunicación de masas, el uso rutinario del término “pluralismo” ha generado un desgaste semántico que aconseja una nueva exploración del concepto a la luz de referentes históricos, filosóficos y filológicos adecuados. Este es justamente el objetivo del presente escrito. En efecto, la noción de “pluralismo” asociada a las primitivas formulaciones de la democracia clásica griega tiene muy poco que ver con lo que posteriormente defendió el liberalismo de finales del siglo XVIII y mediados del XIX, (...) un teórico contemporáneo de la democracia como Habermas, o el movimiento posmoderno durante los años ochenta. Si bien es cierto que nadie se opone al pluralismo, también lo es que la adscripción a dicho concepto obedece a parámetros muy diferentes. Habermas y algunos autores posmodernos apuestan por el debate colectivo plural, especialmente el mediático, pero tanto su punto de partida como sus conclusiones resultan divergentes. (shrink)

Let κ and λ be infinite cardinals such that κ ≤ λ (we have new information for the case when $\kappa ). Let T be a theory in L κ +, ω of cardinality at most κ, let φ(x̄, ȳ) ∈ L λ +, ω . Now define $\mu^\ast_\varphi (\lambda, T) = \operatorname{Min} \{\mu^\ast:$ If T satisfies $(\forall\mu \kappa)(\exists M_\chi \models T)(\exists \{a_i: i Our main concept in this paper is $\mu^\ast_\varphi (\lambda, \kappa) = \operatorname{Sup}\{\mu^\ast(\lambda, T): T$ is a theory (...) in L κ +, ω of cardinality κ at most, and φ (x, y) ∈ L λ +, ω }. This concept is interesting because of THEOREM 1. Let $T \subseteq L_{\kappa^+,\omega}$ of cardinality ≤ κ, and φ (x̄, ȳ) ∈ L λ +, ω . If $(\forall\mu then $(\forall_\chi > \kappa) I(\chi, T) = 2^\chi$ (where I(χ, T) stands for the number of isomorphism types of models of T of cardinality χ). Many years ago the second author proved that $\mu^\ast (\lambda, \kappa) \leq \beth_{(2^\lambda)^+}$ . Here we continue that work by proving. THEOREM 2. $\mu^\ast (\lambda, \aleph_0) = \beth_{\lambda^+}$ . THEOREM 3. For every κ ≤ λ we have $\mu^\ast (\lambda, \kappa) \leq \beth)_{(\lambda^\kappa)}^+$ . For some κ or λ we have better bounds than in Theorem 3, and this is proved via a new two cardinal theorem. THEOREM 4. For every $\kappa \leq \lambda, T \subseteq L_{\kappa^+,\omega}$ , and any set of formulas $\Lambda \subseteq L_{\lambda^+,\omega}$ such that $\Lambda \subseteq L_{\kappa^+,\omega}$ , if T is (Λ,μ)-unstable for μ satisfying μ μ * (λ, κ) = μ then T is Λ-unstable (i.e. for every χ ≥ λ, T is (Λ, χ)-unstable). Moreover, T is L κ +, ω -unstable. In the second part of the paper, we show that always in the applications it is possible to replace the function I(χ, T) by the function IE(χ, T), and we give an application of the theorems to Boolean powers. (shrink)

. We study a local version of the order property in several frameworks, with an emphasis on frameworks where the compactness theorem fails: (1) Inside a fixed model, (2) for classes of models where the compactness theorem fails and (3) for the first order case. Appropriate localizations of the order property, the independence property, and the strict order property are introduced. We are able to generalize some of the results that were known in the case of local stability for the (...) first order theories, and for stability for nonelementary classes (existence of indiscernibles, existence of averages, stability spectrum, equivalence between order and instability). In the first order case, we also prove the local version of Shelah's Trichotomy Theorem. Finally, as an application, we give a new characterization of stable types when the ambient first order theory is simple. (shrink)

Le problème épistémologique de la confirmation scientifique consiste à déterminer ou comparer le degré de confirmation des hypothèses scientifiques (c’est-à-dire le niveau d’avantage épistémique que nous devons leur accorder) au regard des données empiriques. Ce problème est la plupart du temps traité dans le cadre d’une interprétation probabiliste du raisonnement inductif, notamment au moyen du calcul bayésien, de telle sorte que l’on parle de théorie bayésienne de la confirmation. Nous proposerons ici de considérer la théorie poppérienne de la corroboration comme (...) une théorie alternative de la confirmation scientifique, qui se caractériserait justement par son rejet radical des probabilités et de l’induction. Plus précisément, nous soutiendrons ici, contre certaines lectures de Popper, que le concept poppérien de corroboration peut être assimilé à une forme de confirmation, et nous essaierons d’établir quels seraient les principes d’une théorie poppérienne de la confirmation. Nous... (shrink)

Un paralelismo antitetico le da forma a los fragmentos de los Pensamientos de Blaise Pascal, al prolongar el movimiento paradojico de la naturaleza humana desde el divertissement hasta los porticos de la conversion. En el primer foco de la figura, la diversion, contemplada de un modo alegorico, por la cual el hombre se aleja de Dios y hace del mundo el objeto de su concupiscencia. En el otro foco, la conversion, en la que el hombre se aleja del mundo y (...) se vuelve a Dios merced a un movimiento de la Gracia. La concupiscencia es el enves del orden de la Caridad, como el divertimento es el reverso de la partida que abre a la fe cristiana. Las paginas de este libro retratan el trayecto del unico jugador y dan razon de la complejidad de su existencia, que se debate entre el tedio, la angustia ante la muerte y el riesgo de una apuesta en la que la libertad empena el todo de su nada en vistas a una ganancia infinita. (shrink)